In the world of physics, heat represents resistance. Think about touching your car tire before you’ve driven anywhere — it’s cool. Touch that same tire after driving to the store and it’s warm. That warmth is resistance.

Copper found in USB connectors and USB cables is the material where this resistance shows up. As copper heats up, data transfer rates slow down because heat represents inefficiencies in the material.

Research presented at February’s IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference by lead author Jack Holloway, along with co-authors Ruonan Han and Georgios Dogiamis, introduced a data transfer system capable of transmitting information up to 10 times faster than USB. The new link pairs high-frequency silicon chips with a polymer cable as thin as a strand of human hair.

Mr. Holloway explains, “Copper wires, like those found in USB or HDMI cables, are power-hungry — especially when dealing with heavy data loads. There’s a fundamental tradeoff between the amount of energy burned and the rate of information exchanged.”

The most commonly suggested alternative to copper wiring is optical fiber. Optical cables rely on photons and are extremely efficient, but the challenge lies in how photons interact with silicon chips. Because photons don’t interface cleanly with silicon, a direct connection between a fiber-optic cable and a computer chip is not ideal.

The technology developed by Holloway and his team uses a plastic polymer material that performs exceptionally well at sub-terahertz frequencies. These very high-frequency signals make the polymer a competitive alternative to fiber optics.

To complete the system, the team engineered a low-cost silicon chip that pairs directly with the polymer conduit. While traditional silicon chips struggle at sub-terahertz frequencies, this new design generates high-frequency signals with enough power to transmit data directly into the conduit. The clean interface between chip and conduit allows the entire system to be manufactured using standard, cost-effective processes.

Physically, the plastic polymer conduit is about the same diameter as a human hair.

Resource: Fiber optics.